Two X chromosomes are better than one The X chromosome bears more than 1,000 genes with functions in all sorts of things including routine metabolism, blood clotting and brain development. The presence of two X chromosomes in XX females provides a buffer if a gene on one X is mutated. XY males lack this X chromosome backup. That's why boys suffer from many sex-linked diseases such as haemophilia (poor blood clotting). The number of X chromosomes also has big effects on many metabolic characters that are separable from sex hormone effects, as studies of mice reveal. Females not only have a double dose of many X genes, but they may also have the benefit of two different versions of each gene.
This X effect goes far to explain why males die at a higher rate than females at every age from birth. And another man problem is the immune system. We've known for a long time that women have a stronger immune system than men. This is not all good, because it makes women more susceptible to autoimmune diseases such as lupus and multiple sclerosis. But it gives women an advantage when it comes to susceptibility to viruses, as many studies in mice and humans show. This helps to explain why men are more susceptible to many viruses, including SARS and MERS. There are at least 60 immune response genes on the X chromosome, and it seems that a higher dose and having two different versions of these gives women a broader spectrum of defences.
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